Objectives

1. Understand media options and their independence from network operating systems
2. Understand the function of and differences between various protocols and protocol stacks
3. Understand why UNIX & NT has become more popular as a multiuser operating system for the PC environment
4. Understand the current technology, future trends and implications on network decision making of the following:
   • Hubs and concentrators
   • Network adapter cards and drivers
   • Media and cabling
   • Building wiring systems
5. Understand the role of specialized servers in LANs
6. Understand the role of the OSI model as a framework in which to conduct network analysis and design

Introduction

Business	The overall business needs/perspectives Identify the business activities Business Analysis Questions
Application	Application Programs
Data	Database management languages, types, servers
Network	Zero-slot LANs Peer-to-peer LANs Fully-integrated LANs
Technology	Operating Systems - DOS, OS/2, Windows, UNIX, VMS, MVS Access Methods - CSMA/CD, Token passing System Architecture - Peer-to-peer, Client/Server Network Architecture - Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ARCNET, CDDI, AppleTalk Physical Topologies - ring, bus, star Logical Topologies - broadcast, sequential CPUs - Intel, MACs, RISC, multitasking, multi threading Servers - file, disk, communications, remote access, print Adapter cards - pocket, internal vs. external, Ethernet, Token Ring, ARCNET, FDDI, CDDI Drivers - ODI, NDIS, NETBIOS, IPX Bus type - ISA, MCA, EISA, NUBUS Wiring centers - hubs, concentrators, MAUs, repeaters, switching hubs Media - UTP, STP, fiber, coax, wireless Wiring systems - AT&T, IBM, DEC

A Networking Technology Analysis Model

• Hardware
• Network
• Software
• Applications

the Local Area Network Technology Architecture

• media
• NIC
• NIC drivers
• central wiring concentrator

Media-shared LAN Architectures vs. Switched LAN Architectures
each port on the LAN switch can be a dedicated LAN segment with dedicated bandwidth offered to the attached devices

Advantages of Switched LAN Architecture

LAN Switch Traffic Analysis

Implementation Scenarios for Switched LAN Architectures (see Fig. 6.4)

• Stand-alone workgroup/departmental LAN switches
• Backbone-attached workgroup/departmental LAN switches
• Backbone/data center switches

Full-Duplex Network Architectures

Network Interface Cards

Technology Analysis

• Bus type
  • ISA (8 or 16 bit)
  • EISA(16 or 32 bit)
  • MCA
  • NuBus (Apple)
  • PCI (800-900 Kbps)
  • MCMCIA
  • SBus (Sun)
• On-board processor capabilities
• Amount of on-board memory
• Data transfer techniques
  • Bus-mastering DMA
  • DMA
  • Shared memory
  • Programmed I/O
• Media Interfaces
• System memory requirements
• Internal adapters vs. external adapters
• Network drivers included
• Network architecture(s) supported

NIC Trends

• dual-speed cards
• integrated (on-board) NICs
• Multiport NICs
• On-NIC virus protection and security
• Integrated repeater modules
• Full-duplex mode
• Performance improvement (packet overlapping or fast packet forwarding)

Open Standards for Network Adapter Card Drivers

monolithic drivers
Driver Name or Specification	NOS
IPX (Internet Packet Exchange)	Novell Netware
NETBIOS
TCP/IP
specialized drivers	LANtastic, Netware 2.2, Netware 3.11, Banyan VINES
APPLETALK Phase 2	MAC System 7, APPLETALK
multiple protocol stacks
NDIS (Network Driver Interface Specification)	Microsoft Products; VINES
ODI (Open Data Link Interface)	Novell Netware Lite

Hardware Choices

Network Adapter Card Choices
Keepers of the MAC-Layer Protocol

• Must adhere to the access methodology of the network architecture
• Must have the appropriate media interface (cabling type: RJ45 or BNC or AUI)
• Must be the right bus type (ISA, EISA, NUBUS, PCI, PCMCIA)
• Must have the right drivers (NDIS, ODI, NETBIOS, IPX)
• May want to be able to emulate 3270 terminal

Wiring Center Choices

• Stand-alone hubs
• Stackable hubs
• Enterprise hubs (modular concentrators) [usually hot-swappable]

• repeaters - "repeats" each bit of digital data that it receives (also retimes and regenerates data)
• hubs - standalone device with fixed number of ports
• MAUs (Multistation access unit) - Token Ring hub
• concentrators - contains a "backplane" device into with individual cards or modules are inserted (allows different media types on the same network)
• switching hubs - allows connections (switches) between any two Ethernet devices
• dense switching hubs using ATM (155 Mbps - > 3 Gbps)

Wiring Centers Technology Analysis

1. Expandability
2. Supported network architectures
3. Supported media types
4. Extended communications capabilities
   1. terminal support
   2. inter networking options
   3. wide area networking options
5. Hub / concentrator capabilities
6. Reliability features

LAN Switches

• Switch Classification
  • cut-through switches
  • store-and-forward switches
  • error-free cut-through switches
• ATM for the LAN
  • standards
    1. UNI (user-network interface)
    2. NNI (network-network interface)
  • speeds/cabling

    ATM Speed	Cabling Type
    25 Mbps	STP, CAT3+
    100 Mbps	CAT5
    155 Mbps	fiber

  • migration
    1. IP over ATM
    2. LAN emulation (Ethernet or token ring)

Future Trends in Wiring Centers

• MAUs become CAUs(controlled access units) - more modular, flexible, & sophisticated
• Hubs become a Server - includes CPU and RAM
• Server becomes a Hub - requires a bus master network card

Media Choices

Media Type	Also Called	Bandwidth	Distance Limits	Connectors	Comments/Applications	Price($) / foot
4-wire phone station wire	Quad RYGB	3 kbps	200 ft	RJ-11 jacks	4 insulated wired (red,green,yellow,black) for home wiring (voice)	0.09
flat gray modular	flat satin, telephone cable, silver satin	14.4kbps	10-20 ft	RJ-11 or RJ-45	comes with 4,6,8 conductors. used for short data cables	0.09-.18
unshielded twisted pair, voice grade	UTP, CAT-3	14.kbps	100 ft	RJ-45	twists prevent interference, increase bandwidth not suitable for data	0.10
unshielded twisted pair, data grade	UTP, CAT-4, CAT-5	100 Mbps	100 meters	RJ-45, IBM data connectors	higher-bandwidth that CAT-3	0.12
shielded twisted pair	STP	100 Mbps	100 meters	RJ-45, IBM data connectors	shielding reduces interference but complicates installation	0.42
Coax -thick	frozen yellow garden hose	10 Mbps	500 m	AUI	original Ethernet cable	1.10
Coax-thin	thinnet, cheapnet, RG-58	10 Mbps	180m	BNC	easier to work than thick coax	0.32
Coax-thin	RG-62	2.5 mbps	180m	BNC or IBM data connector	similar to RG-58 but with different electrical characteristics, used for ARCNET	0.32
fiber-optic cable	fiberglass	several gigabytes	several kilometers	SI or SMA 905 or SMA 906	difficult to install but high bandwidth, long distance, virtually error free, high security	1.00

Wireless Transmission

1. Microwave transmission
2. Spread spectrum transmission
3. Infrared transmission

Wireless Applications

• linking two wire-based LANs
• wireless hubs for meeting rooms
• easy to preinstall

Premise Wiring requires

1. backbone
2. wiring closets
3. structured, well documented, and manageable wiring plan

• IBM Wiring system
• DECNET
• AT&T Systimax PDS
• EIA/TIA 568 Standard

Slides

[e-mail your answers to summers_wayne@ColumbusState.edu before 4 p.m. on Thurs., Oct. 8, 1998]Review Questions(pg. 234):#41

Activities: #4 (find at least 4 different brands), 5(look for PROTOCOL.INI in the Windows 95 subdirectory)