Wayne Summers

 

 

                    Department of Computer Science

                  Southeast Missouri State University

      

        

 

 

 

 

          COMPUTER VIRUSES AND HOW TO PRACTICE SAFE COMPUTING

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

          Today there are over 230 known viruses including around 500

different strains which attack the IBM PC compatible computers.  The

rate at which these viruses can spread is astounding.  The impact on

computer users everywhere is dramatic as computer viruses have

resulted in hundreds of thousands of dollars of losses.  Whenever

computer resources are shared, there is the risk of infection by a

computer virus. 


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    Definitions:

 

 

 

 

    Computer Virus - first used by Fred Cohen in 1984

                     first described in a T.J. Ryan sci-fi book:

                     Adolescence of P-1

                     small program that attaches itself to another

program and attacks other software by making copies of itself.

 

 

 

 

 

     Worm -           program (usually stand-alone) that worms

its way through either the computer's memory or a disk and alters data

that it accesses.

 

 

 

 

 

     Trojan horse -    program which attaches itself to a seemingly

innocent program (does not necessarily replicate).

 

 

 

 

 

      Logic/Time bomb - program which is activated or triggered after

or during a certain event.

 


 

 

 

        

         Viruses can be broken down into three different

classifications:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

         boot sector infectors - hides in the boot sector of a disk

and takes over control of the computer system when it is booted,

copying itself into the computer's memory.  When other disks are used,

the virus transfers to their boot sectors.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

         system infectors - attaches to one or more operating system

modules or system device drivers, usually COMMAND.COM.  Takes control

after the initial use of the infected program.         

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

         application program infectors - attaches to .COM and .EXE

files.  Takes control after the initial use of the infected program. 

Very infectious.

 


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Examples:

 

 

         Pakistani Brain virus - (boot sector virus) transfers current

boot sector to an unused portion of the disk and marks that portion as

bad sectors.  Then copies remainder of virus to unused portion of the

disk and marks that portion as bad sectors.  Brain virus then marks

other portions of the disk as bad sectors making files and eventually

the disk unusable.  Early versions displayed a volume label (c)

Brain.  All versions have the name of the program, the authors and

their address in the boot sector of the infected disk.

 

 

 

         Lehigh virus - infects the COMMAND.COM file.  After it has

infected 4 or 10 infections, it overwrites the boot sector and FAT

with zeros in the first 32 sectors of the disk.  Can be detected by

looking at the size and creation date of the COMMAND.COM file.

 

 

 

         Jerusalem virus (also known as the Israeli and Friday 13th

virus) - infects both .COM and .EXE files. Will survive a warm boot.

After the virus is resident for 1/2 hour, it slows the system down by

a factor of 10.  On Friday the 13th, it will delete all executed

files.

              

 

         Cascade virus (also known as the Falling Letters or 1701

virus) - originally a Trojan Horse disguised as a program to turn off

the Num-Lock light.  Instead it caused all the characters on the

screen to fall into a pile at the bottom of the screen.  It now occurs

as a memory resident .COM virus.  Uses an encryption algorithm to avoid

detection.  Activated on any machine with a color monitor in Sept.-

Dec. in years 1980 and 1988.

 

 

         Stealth virus (also known as 4096, Century, FroDo, IDF and

100 Years virus) - infects .COM, .EXE and .OVL files.  It hides the

increase in length of the file.  It crosslinks files on the system

disk by manipulating the FATs.  Hangs infected systems on or after

Sept. 22 of any year.

 

 

         AIDS Trojan Horse - over 20,000 corporations received a disk

and pamphlet titled "AIDS Information--An Introductory Diskette".  The

install program prints an invoice and then creates some hidden

subdirectories using spaces and non-printable characters and then

copies itself into a file named REM.EXE and modifies the AUTOEXEC.BAT

file.  After 90 reboots, the program tells the user that the software

lease has expired and must be renewed.  It then encrypts all the file-

names and hides them, rendering the disk unusable.


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         The spread of computer virus infections can be stopped

through the practice of "safe computing":

 

 

 

        1.  Don't use illegal software!  If the software has been

            obtained illegally, how can you assume that it doesn't

            contain a virus.

 

 

 

 

        2.  Never boot your computer system from a diskette other

            than the original DOS diskette.  Only one write-

            protected boot disk should be assigned to a floppy-

            based system.  The diskette should be clearly marked,

            write-protected and used only for booting up the

            designated computer.  If you accidently try to boot

            from a non-system disk, turn the computer off and boot

            with the write-protected system disk.

 

 

 

        3.  If your system uses a fixed disk, never boot from a

            diskette.  In some situations, write protection

            software for the hard disk should be employed.

 

 

 

        4.  Always write-protect your systems and program disks. 

            Write-protect tabs are easy to use and very effective. 

            You should write only on data disks.

 

 

 

        5.  Only copy files from the original distribution disks.

 

 

 

        6.  Always keep at least one set of back-up copies of all

            original disks. (This won't prevent a virus infection,

            but it will help in the recovery process if an

            infection occurs.)

 

 

 

        7.  Do not loan out program disks.  They may be infected

            when they are returned.  If you must loan a disk, always

            format it before using the disk on your computer system.


 

 

 

 

        8.  Never use a computer that has already been turned on by

            another user.  Always use a cold boot to restart the

            computer.  Do not assume that a warm boot will remove a virus.

 

 

 

        9.  Make all the .COM and .EXE system and program files

            read only by using the command ATTRIB+R.

 

 

 

       10.  Always keep a lookout for strange occurrences:

            a. When you do a directory listing, look at the volume

               label.

 

            b. Observe whether your computer system is slowing down. 

 

            c. Watch for files that disappear.

 

            d. Notice when there are attempts to access the disks

               when there should not be any read or write activity.

 

            e. Watch whether the loading of programs takes longer.

 

            f. Keep a lookout for decreases in the main memory or

               reduction of disk space.

 

            g. Watch for unusually large sizes on program files.

 

            h. Watch for recent creation dates on old program

               files.

 

 

 

       11.  Use caution when using public domain and shareware

            software or any new software.

 

 

 

       12. If you are downloading software from a bulletin board

           or other computer network, always download to a

           diskette.  You should then scan the diskette for

           possible virus infections.  (You may want to write-

           protect your hard disk during this operation.)

 


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     In addition there is a variety of software available to combat

computer viruses:

 

 

         Most of this software can be grouped into four different

categories: infection detection,

            infection identification,

            infection elimination and

            infection prevention.

                 

 

 

                 Infection detection software products detect the

presence of an infection soon after it has happened.  They often

identify the location of the infection.  Many infection detection

programs identify generic infections instead of individual viruses.  

They do this by looking for changes in the system made by the virus.

 

 

 

        The detection of viruses acts in one of two ways: by

taking a snapshot of the system and by vaccinating the system. 

The snapshot technique is the more effective form of protection.

 

 

 

        One example of a snapshot program is the VALIDATE program

that is distributed by McAfee Associates through their bulletin board

system.  VALIDATE is a file authentication program which uses two

methods to generate CRC check numbers.  These numbers along with the

size of the file and its creation date are displayed.  These values

can then be compared with validation data provided by the author of

the software.  The Computer Virus Industry Association (CVIA)

maintains a bulletin board in the U.S. at 1-(408) 988 4008 that lists

the validation data for many shareware programs.

 

        Another anti-virus program FluShot+ contains some snapshot

features.  FluShot+ is a shareware program and is a real bargain. 

Each time FluShot+ is executed, it compares the checksums for the

files COMMAND.COM, IBMBIO.COM, IBMBIO.DOS, and any other files

specified by the user.  These checksums are compared with values that

the user places in a data file used by FluShot+.


 

 

 

 

        A second method for detecting a virus infection is with

vaccine programs.  Vaccination works by changing the computer

system's programs to include a self-test mechanism inside the

vaccinated program.  This test mechanism executes each time the

program is executed and checks to see if any changes have occurred

since the last time the program was executed.  If the program has

changed, then the user is notified that a virus attack has probably

occurred.

 

 

 

 

        The infection identification type of software product

identifies the specific type and strain of virus that has already

infected the computer system.  Infection identification software will

often include the capability for removing the virus.   These products

look for specific signatures left by viruses.  These signatures may

include virus labels or copyright flags like the (c) Brain message or

may be unique segments of the viral code.  These products may look for

particular changes to the computer system or even specific file names.

 

 

 

        Whenever a virus is found, the user is notified of the

location of the virus and the identity of the virus. There is one

major drawback to this type of anti-virus software.  The designer must

have a working sample of each virus and then design and implement code

to identify each virus.  This is a very time-consuming process and

requires frequent updates to account for the new viruses and

substrains that are constantly emerging. 

 

 

 

        Probably the most popular virus detection software is the

program VIRUSCAN that can be downloaded from John McAffee's Bulletin

Board.  The latest version 6.9V75 is reported to identify 480

different MS-DOS viruses and their strains.

 

       

       

        SCAN contains a self check which tests for modifications to

VIRUSCAN when it is first loaded.  This is an important feature since,

at least one version of VIRUSCAN, version 65,  has been distributed

with a Trojan horse imbedded in it.  VIRUSCAN includes an option that

removes infected files.  If the infection is widespread, the user is

directed to use one of the disinfector utilities that accompany

VIRUSCAN.


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        If an infection is detected, follow the procedures listed

below:

 

        1.  DON'T PANIC.  First, determine how extensive the

            infection is.  If the infection has only attacked the

            floppy disks, skip steps 2 through 11. 

 

        If possible use a program like Clean-Up to remove the virus,

        otherwise if necessary do the following:

 

        2.  Shut off the infected computer system.

 

        3.  Power up the system with the original write-protected

            system diskette.

 

        4.  Make sure that the system has booted properly.

 

        5.  Backup all the nonexecutable data files from all

            directories onto newly formatted diskettes or do a

            tape backup. (If backing up to another hard disk, make

            sure that the hard disk has not also been infected). 

            DO NOT EXECUTE OR BACKUP ANY OF THE PROGRAMS FROM

            THE INFECTED HARD DISK!!!

 

        6.  Check each batch files on the infected hard

            disk.  If any of the lines within the batch file look

            suspicious, do not back up that file.  Otherwise

            backup all the batch files.

 

        7.  Do a low-level format of the infected hard disk.

 

        8.  Install the operating system onto the hard disk.

 

        9.  Rebuild all directories.

 

       10.  Install all the executable programs from the

            original write-protected distribution disks.

 

       11.  Restore all the files that had been backed up in

            steps 5 and 6.

 

       12.  Gather all the diskettes that have been used with

            the computer system during the past six months.  It is

            difficult to tell when the original infection occurred.

            Either destroy these diskettes or follow the following

            steps.

 

       13.  Backup all the nonexecutable data files from the

            suspect disks onto newly formatted diskettes.

 

       14.  Reformat the suspect diskettes.


 

 

 

 

        If the virus is a boot sector infector, then the recovery

process is simpler.  The boot infector viruses do not infect

executable programs.  This means that the infection is isolated in

the bootable system on the infected disk.  To recover from this type

of infection proceed with the following steps:

 

 

        1.  Shut off the infected computer system.

 

        2.  Power up the system with the original write-protected

            system diskette.

 

        3.  Make sure that the system has booted properly.

 

        4.  Replace the operating system and the boot sector of

            the infected disk.

 

 

(NOTE: The virus will remain intact in the bad sectors created by

the virus in the data files, but these virus segments are not

active).

 

         FOR ENVIRONMENTS SUFFERING SERIOUS INFECTIONS

 

         1. Write protect the hard disk using a hardware switch.

 

         2.  Install a Virus Buster anti-virus card.  Prevents viruses

including boot sector viruses from infecting the computer.

 

         3.  Install anti-virus protection in the BIOS.