Layer Cooperation on the Source Host

The data link layer process passes the PPP frame to the physical layer process, which delivers it to the physical layer process on the first router, one bit at a time (no message at the physical layer)

Application

Transport

Internet

Data Link

Physical (10110 …)

User PC

PPP frame

To first

router

The data link layer process passes the PPP frame to the physical layer process, which delivers it to the physical layer process on the first router, one bit at a time (no message at the physical layer)