Chapter 8: Main Memory

Base register / relocation register
Limit register
Binding logical addresses to physical addresses
+ Compile time
+ Load time
+ Execution time
Logical addresses vs physical addresses
Memory-management unit (MMU)
Dynamic loading
Dynamic linking and shared libraries
Swapping
+ Backing store
+ Transfer time
Contiguous memory allocation
+ Multiple-partition method
+ Holes
Protection
Dynamic storage allocation problem
+ First-fit
+ Best-fit
+ Worst-fit
Fragmentation
+ External fragmentation
  * 50-percent rule
+ Internal fragmentation
+ Compaction
Paging
+ Pages & frames
+ Page number & page offset
+ Frame table
+ Translation look-aside buffer (TLB)
+ Shared Pages
Page Table
+ Hierarchical paging (2- & 3-levels)
+ Hashed page tables
+ Inverted page tables
Segmentation
+ two tuple
+ Segmentation table
Powers of 2



Chapter 9: Virtual Memory

Advantages of VM
Page sharing
Demand paging
+ Pure demand paging
Memory resident
Page fault
Locality
Swap space
Memory implementations should be transparent to user process
Effective access time
Page fault rate
Copy-On-Write
+ vfork()
Page replacement
+ Victim frame
+ FIFO algorithm
+ Optimal algorithm
+ Least-recent used (LRU) algorithm
  * Reference bits
  * Second-chance algorithm
+ Belady's anomaly
Modify (dirty) bit
Page-buffering algorithms
Allocation of frames
+ Minimum
+ Maximum
+ Equal allocation
+ Proportional allocation
+ Global allocation
+ Local allocation
+ Non-uniform memory access (NUMA) considerations
Thrashing
+ Definition
+ Solutions
+ Working-set model
+ Page-fault frequency
Memory-mapped files
+ Shared memory
Allocating kernel memory
+ Differences compared to user memory
+ Buddy system
+ Slab allocation
Prepaging
Page size
+ Pros & cons of increasing
+ Effects on program structure
TLB reach
I/O Interlock


Chapter 10: File-System Interface

Files
+ Structure
+ Attributes
+ Operations
+ Current-file-position pointer
+ Open-file table
+ Locking (shared & exclusive)
File types
+ UNIX's magic number
Fragmentation
Access methods
+ Sequential access
+ Direct access
+ Other
Directory and disk structure
+ Partitions
+ raw disk
+ Volume
+ Tree-structured directories
+ Acyclic-graph directories
+ General graph directories
+ File links
+ Absolute & relative path names
File-system mounting
+ Mount point
File Sharing
+ Multiple users
+ Remote file systems
+ Consistency Semantics
Protection
+ Types of access
+ Access control
  * Owner, group, everyone