Exam2 Topics
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Memory Virtualization
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Address spaces
Memory allocation (malloc(), free())
Types of memory: stack and heap
Address translation (virtual and physical addresses)
Base and bounds address translation
Segmentation
Free space management
External fragmentation
Internal fragmentation
Free space management strategies
Paging
Virtual page number (VPN) and offset
Physical frame number
Page tables and page table entries
Page sizes
Translation-lookaside Buffers (TLBs)
Swap space
Page-faults
Page-replacement policies (e.g., Optimal, FIFO, Random, LRU, Clock)


Concurrency
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Critical section
Race condition
Indeterminate programs
Mutual exclusion
Threads
Thread creation
Thread completion
Locks
Pthread locks
Spin-wait
Test-and-set instructions
Spin locks